Bending the curve: New report shows countries can cut plastic pollution and emissions without global consensus

LONDON: Negotiations for a Global Plastics Treaty are stuck in limbo, but new research by the London-based Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) indicates alternative ways forward to both lower plastics production and circumvent the petrostates and vested interests holding the process hostage.

After several rounds of talks beginning in 2022, progress by the UN’s Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) stalled in Geneva last year despite a large majority of countries being aligned on how to approach the issue.

But while the talks have faltered, the world’s plastic pollution crisis continues to worsen – if current trends persist, global plastic output is projected to reach approximately 766 million tonnes by 2040 – equivalent to producing more than 75 trillion standard plastic bottles annually or enough to make more than 100 smartphones for every person on the planet each year.

EIA Ocean Campaign Leader Christina Dixon said: “Bluntly, it’s outrageous that a relative handful of countries with a vested interest in seeing plastics production increase have been able to derail the entire process, which currently seeks consensus to progress.

“However, our research clearly shows that the planet does not need to die on the hill of consensus. Coalitions of countries can instead band together and bend the curve to dramatically impact plastic pollution and climate emissions, even without everyone on board.

“Now it’s time to act on that finding as countries seek pathways ahead to break the deadlock.”

EIA commissioned new modelling by Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd to explore what happens when different groupings of countries act together to curb plastic production and consumption – and what happens when they do not.

In the new report Bending the Curve, different scenarios examine how production, consumption, waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions respond under varying levels of international participation and coordination, using emerging groupings of countries within the treaty negotiations to guide the scenarios:

• Coalition of High Ambition Countries – a scenario in which a group of high‑ambition countries works together to reduce plastic production and consumption from 2030 onwards
• Coalition of High Ambition Countries plus China – a scenario extending participation to include China, reflecting its central role in the global plastic production, consumption and trade
• Coalition of High Ambition Countries plus China plus ‘Middle’ Countries (e.g. Brazil, India, South Africa) – a further extension of the coalition to include major emerging economies with rapidly growing plastic consumption and expanding production capacity.

The modelled scenarios demonstrate that as more countries are added to a progressive coalition, the impact on production levels, waste generation and climate emissions grows.

Importantly, the report demonstrates that even with less-than-universal participation, limited to only those that have self-described as ‘high ambition’, significant benefits are possible.

And including one major producer such as China, potentially filling the void in geopolitical leadership left vacant by the Trump administration in the US, would more than double the environmental benefits:

• Coalition of High Ambition Countries – Global production falls 16-18 per cent below business‑as‑usual
• Coalition of High Ambition Countries plus China – Global production falls by up to 38 per cent, with more substantial reductions in waste and emissions
• Coalition of High Ambition plus China and ‘Middle’ Countries – Global production falls by about 45 per cent to approximately 420 million tonnes by 2040, with mismanaged plastic waste declining by more than 50 per cent and cumulative emissions falling by more than 10 Gt CO₂

Tanzir Chowdhury, Managing Consultant Economist at Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd, said: “Our modelling shows a critical mass of ambitious countries can trigger a system-level shift away from ever increasing plastic production, delivering deep cuts in pollution and emissions.

“Waiting for global consensus risks locking in further harm. The path to transformation is already available to those willing to lead.”

EIA Ocean Campaigner Hannah Hughes, who led the analysis, added: “We can’t let the process become an excuse for inaction. The evidence shows that waiting for global consensus is not just unnecessary but actively harmful. The message to negotiators is simple – leadership matters and momentum builds when action starts.”

During the INC, negotiations on plastic production and consumption have been progressively sidelined despite widespread support. Bending the Curve demonstrates that such an approach is inconsistent with what is required to end plastic pollution. Where binding upstream action is excluded, delayed or deferred, the likelihood of increased pollution and emissions increases.

The modelling demonstrates that plurilateral and progressive coalitions can bend the pollution curve without universal participation and supports the case for efforts to explore flexibility mechanisms and alternative pathways, rather than be held hostage by blocking forces.

It follows on the heels of similar initiatives within the climate space to break deadlocks that have left the planet teetering dangerously towards irreversible climate tipping points.

CONTACTS FOR MEDIA

• Christina Dixon, EIA Ocean Campaign Leader, via christinadixon[at]eia-international.org

• Paul Newman, EIA UK Senior Press & Communications Officer, via press[at]eia-international.org

EDITORS’ NOTES

1. The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) investigates and campaigns against environmental crime and abuse. Our undercover investigations expose transnational wildlife crime, with a focus on elephants, pangolins and tigers, and forest crimes such as illegal logging and deforestation for cash crops such as palm oil. We work to avert climate catastrophe by investigating the criminal trade in refrigerant gases, strengthening and enforcing regional and international agreements that tackle fossil fuels and climate super-pollutants, including ozone-depleting substances, hydrofluorocarbons and methane, and advocating corporate and policy measures to promote sustainable cooling. We work to safeguard global marine ecosystems by addressing the threats posed by plastic pollution, bycatch and commercial exploitation of whales, dolphins and porpoises. Our findings are used in hard-hitting reports to campaign for new legislation, improved governance and more effective enforcement. Our field experience is used to provide guidance to enforcement agencies and we form partnerships with local groups and activists and support their work through hands-on training.
2. Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd is a global, independent sustainability consultancy. For over 25 years, we have combined science and evidence-based insights, innovative thinking, and data-driven modelling to help businesses, policymakers, and the third sector drive positive changes for people and planet. We offer an integrated set of services spanning the circular, natural, and low carbon economies, supporting clients from strategy through implementation, to enable systems-level change. We are a certified B Corp and operate globally from offices in the UK, Europe, the US, and Aotearoa, New Zealand. For more information, visit www.eunomia.eco
3. Read and download the full Bending the Curve report at https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-Bending-the-Curve-May-2026-embargoed-for-media-use.pdf
4. Read and download a summary of Bending the Curve at https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2026-EIA-Bending-the-Curve-summary-version.pdf

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