Climate reports

Following revelations of unexpected CFC-11 emissions in 2018 and reports of record atmospheric HFC-23 concentrations and other unexpected emissions, legitimate questions have been raised as to whether the Montreal Protocol’s institutions and controls are fit for purpose, not only to sustain the phase-out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) but also to address the unique challenges of the hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) phase-down.

This briefing identifies the three mutually reinforcing pillars of action to operationalise Paragraph 28(d) of GST-1: (i) monitoring and reporting; (ii) national action; and (iii) financial and technical assistance. Unlike the predominant approach to climate mitigation, which tend to be emissions-based, implementation of paragraph 28(d) of the GST-1 should focus on transitioning the sources of energy, from fossil fuels to renewables, across the economy through planning and investment.

EIA urges all governments and parties to the Montreal Protocol to apply the precautionary principle, wherever possible avoiding the uptake of HFOs to avoid unnecessary risks to people and the planet. Governments, parties to the Montreal Protocol and manufacturers and commercial users of these products must act to implement a transition away from all F-gases.

EIA Briefing to the 47th Meeting the Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, 7-11 July 2025. As the climate crisis intensifies and threats to the ozone layer continue to mount, there are multiple urgent issues before Parties at the 47th Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG47) of the Montreal Protocol.

This report analyses the climate impact of supermarket refrigeration, revealing that up to 70 per cent of a supermarket’s non-supply chain emissions stem from cooling – primarily from energy consumption and the use of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, potent greenhouse gases.

The EU Methane Regulation. Reducing emissions while maintaining energy security