Revealed: The Chinese Government’s pangolin trade deception
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LONDON: A new report by the London-based Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Smoke and Mirrors, reveals the extent to which the Chinese Government is supporting the continued use of pangolins, the world’s most trafficked mammal.
Four months ago, Chinese State media reported that pangolin scales had been removed from traditional medicines – but a new investigation has found it is still business as usual.
EIA’s Pangolin Product Survey 2020, detailed in the report, identified:
- 221 companies licenced to sell pangolin scale products;
- 56 of these companies actively advertising medicinal products claiming to contain pangolin online;
- a total of 64 products listing pangolin as an ingredient advertised on manufacturer websites;
- six of these products available via e-commerce websites.
Some of the products were found on e-commerce sites, including eBay and Taobao, with international shipping to the US, UK and other countries.
One of the companies identified is China’s largest traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmaceutical company, China Beijing Tong Ren Tang Group Co Ltd, which has subsidiaries across the world and whose shareholders include major European and US investment funds.
Chris Hamley, EIA Senior Pangolin Campaigner, said: “Amid mounting concerns about the role of wildlife trade in causing the coronavirus pandemic, it is critical that the Chinese Government ends all legal use of pangolin scales, instead of allowing the multi-billion dollar TCM industry to carry on as usual.
“The Government claims the pangolin scales used in medicines come from a national stockpile – but it is a stockpile shrouded in secrecy and never seems to run out. Demand is being met by trafficking from across Africa and Asia; the vast majority of pangolin scale shipments seized from illegal trade are ultimately bound for China.
“By keeping the door open for the TCM industry to exploit pangolins, the Chinese Government is undermining international efforts to end the global pangolin trafficking crisis and fueling transnational organised crime.”
Earlier this year, EIA warned that while pangolin scales had been removed as a raw ingredient from the country’s 2020 Pharmacopoeia – an official reference book on traditional Chinese and Western medicines – they remain listed in some of the book’s patent medicine formulations.
The EIA investigation further found that while pangolin scale ‘yinpian’ (semi-processed scales) was removed from the list of products covered by State medical insurance in 2019, the insurance scheme has actually added an additional patent pangolin scale treatment to its list – ‘weiling guci gao’ – and continues to cover four patent medicines containing pangolin scales that were on the 2017 list.
“China urgently needs to amend its Wildlife Protection Law so that it fully prohibits the acquisition, sale or possession, including for medicinal purposes, of all parts and products of pangolins and other globally threatened species,” said Hamley, “including those from captive-bred sources.”
Scientists earlier this year suggested that pangolins may have been an intermediary host in the transmission of coronavirus between animals and humans.
The EIA report highlights how many stakeholders in China are already calling for the existing wildlife consumption ban to extend beyond food and include the medicinal use of wildlife.
“Most TCM medications do not use the body parts of globally threatened wildlife and experts in the field have proposed specific herbal substitutes that can replace pangolin scales,” added Hamley.
The report further urges shareholders to review their investments in the companies named in Smoke and Mirrors and to divest from these if they do not cease the use and sale of pangolins and other wildlife threatened by trade.
CONTACTS FOR MEDIA
- Chris Hamley, EIA Senior Pangolin Campaigner, via chrishamley[at]eia-international.org
- Paul Newman, EIA Press & Communications Officer, via press[at]eia-international.org
EDITORS’ NOTES
- The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) investigates and campaigns against environmental crime and abuses. Our undercover investigations expose transnational wildlife crime, with a focus on elephants, pangolins and tigers, and forest crimes such as illegal logging and deforestation for cash crops such as palm oil; we work to safeguard global marine ecosystems by tackling plastic pollution, exposing illegal fishing and seeking an end to all whaling; and we address the threat of global warming by campaigning to curtail powerful refrigerant greenhouse gases and exposing related criminal trade.
- Read and download Smoke and Mirrors at https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-Smoke-and-Mirrors-2020-FINAL.pdf
- In June 2020, EIA exposed that, following a report in China’s State media about the removal of pangolin scales from the country’s TCM pharmacopoeia, while pangolins had been removed from a section listing key TCM ingredients, they were still included as an ingredient in patent medicines.– https://eia-international.org/news/despite-the-headlines-chinas-government-still-promotes-pangolin-scales-in-traditional-medicines/
- In April 2020, EIA exposed how 24 companies in China were using the bones of endangered leopards in traditional medicines – https://eia-international.org/press-releases/24-firms-in-china-exposed-for-using-bones-of-endangered-leopards-in-traditional-medicines/
- Image of pangolin products for media use:
Caption: Examples of patent pangolin scale products identified by EIA as being advertised online by pharmaceutical companies in China (“pangolin” circled in red in ingredient listing). The deer head green labels on the products indicate they contain pangolin scales approved for use by the Chinese Government. Left, Liyangling Pian (利咽灵片) produced by Tong Ren Tang Technologies Co Ltd (北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司制药厂); right, Guiling Ji (龟龄集) produced by GuangYuYuan Chinese Herbal Medicine Co Ltd (山西广誉远国药有限公司).
Environmental Investigation Agency
62-63 Upper Street
London N1 0NY
UK
www.eia-international.org
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7354 7960
ends
揭示：穿山甲贸易上的故弄玄虚
【伦敦】英国环境调查署发表最新报告名为「故弄玄虚」，揭示穿山甲在中国被持续入药，加剧全球走私量最大的哺乳动物所面临的危机。
四个月前，中国官方媒体的报导声称穿山甲片已在传统药物中被删除，但一项新的调查发现穿山甲贸易仍然照常运作。
本报告详细讲述本署于2020年对穿山甲产品进行调查，当中发现：
- 221家制药企业获批销售穿山甲药品；
- 当中有56家制药企业更在网上宣传声称含有穿山甲的药品；
- 根据制药企业网站的宣传内容，共有64种药品的成分包含穿山甲；
- 当中更有六项药品可通过电子商务平台购买
部份产品更在eBay和淘宝网等电子商务平台上发售，并可发货运往美国、英国及世界各地。
其中涉及穿山甲贸易的企业包括中国北京同仁堂（集团）有限公司。该公司被誉为中国最大的传统中药企业，旗下公司遍布全球，而且股东包括欧美主流的投资基金。
环境调查署穿山甲项目主任Chris Hamley表示：「由于野生动物贸易与引发新冠状病毒大流行有密切关系，对此表示关注的声音正与日俱增。中国政府应尽快禁止穿山甲片的合商业性法使用，而非继续容让资金庞大的中药行业如常运作。
政府声称入药的穿山甲片源来自国家库存 – 但相关的公开资料极少，库存亦似乎长用长有。为了满足市场庞大的需求，来自非洲和亚洲各地的走私贩运源源不绝。从被缉获的走私品来看，绝大多数的非法穿山甲片最终运往中国。
正当国际社会着力终止全球穿山甲的贩运危机，中国政府却未有全力配合，继续容让中药界利用穿山甲入药，助长跨国有组织的罪行。 」
本年初，本署曾作出警告，尽管穿山甲片已从2020年版中国药典的原材料部分中删除，但含有穿山甲片的药物仍纪录在中成药的成分中。
本署的调查进一步发现，虽然穿山甲片「饮片」（即半制品）已于2019年从国家医疗保险涵盖的清单中移除，但清单上却新增了一项含穿山甲片的中成药（威灵骨刺膏），亦继续涵盖2017年清单上的四种含穿山甲片的中成药。
Chris Hamley指：「中国必须尽快修改《野生动物保护法》，完全禁止穿山甲和其他受威胁物种及其制品的购买、出售或拥有，包括医药用途的使用，以及人工繁育来源的穿山甲片亦不能获得豁免。」
科学家于本年初曾表示，穿山甲有可能是新冠病毒从动物传播至人类的中间宿主。
本报告亦提及，中国的持份者呼吁把现时禁止食用野生动物的法例延伸至医药用途。
Chris Hamley补充道：「大多数中药并不使用受威胁野生动物的身体部位，有些中药专家亦建议以特定草药代替穿山甲片入药。」
最后，本署敦促股东尽快审视投资组合，尤其有关于本报提及的制药企业。若制药企业继续利用或销售穿山甲及其他受威胁的野生动植物，股东便应撤回投资。
媒体联络：
Chris Hamley
环境调查署 穿山甲项目主任
电邮：chrishamley[at]eia-international.org
Paul Newman
环境调查署 新闻及传播主任
电邮：press[at]eia-international.org
编辑备注：
- 环境调查署致力调查及打击破坏环境的罪行和滥用行为。透过秘密调查，本署揭发破坏野生动植物的跨国罪行，主要针对涉及大象、穿山甲及老虎和森林的罪行，例如非法伐木、滥伐森林以种植如棕榈树等经济作物。我们致力保护全球海洋生态系统，针对塑胶污染带来的威胁，误捕及商业捕杀鲸鱼。此外，我们倡议消除制冷剂引致的大量温室气体，揭发相关的非法贸易，以减低对气候变化带来影响。
- 阅读及下载「故弄玄虚」报告：https://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-Smoke-and-Mirrors-2020-FINAL.pdf
- 2020年6月，中国官方媒体报导指穿山甲片已在药典中被删除。环境调查署发现，尽管穿山甲已从原材料的部分中被移除，但仍被包含在专利药物的成分中 – https://eia-international.org/news/despite-the-headlines-chinas-government-still-promotes-pangolin-scales-in-traditional-medicines/
- 2020年4月，EIA揭露了中国24家公司如何在传统中药同以濒危的豹骨入药 – https://eia-international.org/press-releases/24-firms-in-china-exposed-for-using-bones-of-endangered-leopards-in-traditional-medicines/
- 供媒体使用穿山甲药品的图片:
图片说明：中国制药企业在其网站宣传的含有穿山甲片的中成药产品（成分表中红圈内的字为‘穿山甲’）。带有鹿头图片的标识表明这个产品含有中国政府已批准使用的穿山甲片。左图：北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司制药厂制造的利咽灵片。右图：山西广誉远国药有限公司制造的龟龄集。
环境调查署（Environmental Investigation Agency）
地址：62-63 Upper Street, London N1 0NY, UK
www.eia-international.org
电话： +44 (0) 20 7354 7960
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